结直肠癌肝转移手术治疗新进展_结直肠癌肝转移新进展

  【摘要】 近年来,随着对结直肠癌肝转移的发生机制不断深入的研究及新技术的不断出现,结直肠癌肝转移的治疗有了很大的进步。现在以手术为中心的综合治疗及个体化治疗模式已广泛被临床医师接受,但按照传统的手术适应证,仅10%~25%的患者在确诊时适合手术治疗。如何放宽手术指征,以期使不适合手术治疗的患者通过放化疗等辅助治疗使肿块缩小而获得手术治疗,改善结直肠癌肝转移患者的预后,使更多的患者受益,成为近年来研究的热点。�
  【关键词】结直肠癌;肝转移;手术;进展
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  作者单位:230032安徽医科大学(张尚鑫); 安徽医科�
  大学第一附属医院普外科八病区(腹腔镜外科)(李永翔)�
  通讯作者:李永翔 E-mail:yongxiangli@yahoo.省略
  
  The new progress in surgical therapy for colorectal liver metastases
  
  【Abstract】 In recent years,the mechanism about colorectal liver metastases is studied deeply and new technology appears ceaselessly,and the treatment has made great progress.The comprehensive treatment in operation center and individual therapeutic model has been widely accepted by clinicians,but only 10%-25% patients at time of diagnosis were suitable for surgery with the traditional surgical indications.How to relax the surgical indications-make the suboptimal surgical patients get surgery by means of adjuvant radiation and chemotherapy making mass little,and improve the prognosis of patients with colorectal liver metastasis,and make more patients benefit-become a recent research hotspot.�
  【Key words】
  Colorectal cancer; Liver metastases; Operation; Progress
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  结直肠癌是常见的恶性肿瘤之一,最常见的转移部位为肝脏,有时是唯一受累的器官,而肝转移是影响结直肠癌预后的重要因素之一,也是结直肠癌致死的主要原因。据ADAMR等[1]报道,约10%~25%的结直肠癌患者在确诊时就已经发生了转移,而另有20%~25%患者在结直肠癌根治术后多在3年内发生肝转移。结直肠癌肝转移的治疗方法主要包括手术治疗,化疗、放疗、生物治疗及基因靶向治疗等,而手术治疗是有可能治愈结直肠癌肝转移的首选方法。Robertson [2] 等报道结直肠癌肝转移根治术后患者的5年生存率可达25%~35%,中位生存时间可达28~46个月。但按照传统的手术适应证,仅10%~25%的患者在确诊时适合手术治疗。如何放宽手术指征,以期使不适合手术治疗的患者通过放化疗等辅助治疗使肿块缩小而获得手术治疗,改善结直肠癌肝转移患者的预后,使更多的患者受益,成为近年来研究的热点。本文将对结直肠癌肝转移手术治疗新进展做一综述。�
  1 手术适应证�
  近年来由于对结直肠癌肝转移手术治疗研究的不断深入,手术的适应证和禁忌证较既往有了很大改变,既往认为,肝脏转移灶的数目>4个、大小>5 cm、肝外转移、肝门淋巴结侵犯及切缘不足1 cm是结直肠癌肝转移的手术禁忌,但近年来的研究表明,这些影响结直肠癌肝转移患者预后的重要因素已再不完全是手术的禁忌证。�
  1.1 肝脏转移灶的数目 既往认为肝脏转移灶的数目>4个,手术的效果不佳,被认为手术的禁忌证。Imamura等[3]对13l例结直肠癌肝转移手术病例分析后指出,肝转移灶1~3个、4~9个和≥10个的患者5年生存率分别为5l%、46%和25%,并指出只要肝转移灶≤9个,选择手术治疗可使患者受益。近来Malik[4]等研究也发现,只有当肝转移灶数≥8个时,手术的效果才不佳,需要经过慎重评估后选择治疗方式。因此,作者认为肝脏转移灶的数目不应作为手术的绝对禁忌证,只要肝脏转移灶局限或者能够R0切除并保留足够的肝脏体积,即可行手术治疗。�
  1.2 肝脏转移灶的直径 既往认为术前肿瘤直径越大的患者预后越差,并作为手术的禁忌证之一。Josep [5]等对1994 年到2006年236例结直肠癌肝转移患者行根治性切除的预后进行单中心多因素分析后指出,患者的转移灶的大小、数目、分布与肿瘤的复发率无明显关联。最近赖新峰[6]等对75例结直肠癌肝转移患者行根治性手术切除的预后进行分析指出,肝脏转移灶大小≤5 cm与肝脏转移灶>5 cm者术后3年生存率分别62.8%、53.1%,两者差异无显著的统计学意义。因此,肝脏转移灶的大小不应作为手术的绝对禁忌证,只要保证转移灶完整切除,不管肿瘤大小,即应进行手术治疗。�
  1.3 手术切缘 结肠癌肝转移灶切除时肝切缘距肿瘤到底多远才能保证根治性切除,既往认为是1 cm,但近年来此界限受到了挑战,2005年 Pawlik[7]等对生存率与切缘的相关性进行了分析指出,患者5年生存率:切缘阳性、1~4 mm、5~9 mm和≥10 mm分别为17.1%、62.3%、71.1%和63%,因此指出,只要能够保证切缘阴性,就能达到手术根治的要求,此报道引起众多学者的关注,又引起了广大学者的对于手术切缘的讨论与研究,Konopke[8]等对333例结直肠肝转移患者行原发灶根治性切除及肝转移灶切除的资料进行多中心研究也指出,手术切缘可扩展至1 cm以内,可使患者受益,并指出切缘在1~2 mm和0 mm是影响预后的独立危险因素,≥3 mm是安全的。总之,既往的1 cm原则已经不作为手术的绝对禁忌证。�
  1.4 肝门淋巴结的转移 肝门淋巴结阳性一直被认为是结直肠癌肝转移的手术禁忌,但Jaeck[9]等的一项研究,对肝门淋巴结受侵不能手术的观点提出了挑战,其结果显示,肝门淋巴结转移阳性者肝切除术后3年生存率为19%,肝十二指肠韧带淋巴结转移阳性者肝切除术后3年生存率为38%,而肝总动脉、腹腔动脉周围淋巴结转移阳性者肝切除术后3年生存率为0(P   1.5 肝外转移灶 结直肠癌肝转移合并肝外转移灶曾被认为是手术的禁忌,近年来对此也有了新的认识,肺是结直肠癌最常见肝外转移部位,发生率为10%~25%[11],如果不加以治疗,其中位生存时间不超过10个月,5年生存率仅为5%[12]。Lee[13]等对32例伴有肝转移及肺转移患者行手术切除术后中位无病生存时间为44.3个月,5年生存率为60.8%,指出对肝、肺转移应采取积极的手术治疗。Carpizo[14]等对1992年到2007年同时进行了肝转移和肝外转移灶切除的127例患者资料进行了分析指出,其中位生存期为24个月,3年和5年的生存率分别为47%和26%,虽然低于同期进行了不伴有肝外转移的接受肝转移切除的患者(67%、49%,P   [3] Imarnura H,Seyama Y,Kokudo N,et al.Single and multiple resections of multiple hepatic metastases of colorectal origin.Surgery,2004,135(5):508-517.�
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